Arash Ghorbani Sepehr; Mohsen Janparvar
Abstract
The present research tries to determine the epistemic realm from the point of view of philosophy of science. To this end, it is possible to understand the issues and issues within the territory of this new trend in political geography, while understanding better the political geography of Urban Space. ...
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The present research tries to determine the epistemic realm from the point of view of philosophy of science. To this end, it is possible to understand the issues and issues within the territory of this new trend in political geography, while understanding better the political geography of Urban Space. The current research, data collection type, is a component of qualitative research. Qualitative research includes a set of material-interpretational practices that make the world visible. Thus, this research is essentially a "theoretical fundamentally" type of research, and the "descriptive-analytic" method has been used in terms of how the results are processed and interpreted and in line with the qualitative strategy. The political geography of the urban space is a specialized field that studies the urban space. But what is being studied in the Urban Space studying is the action taken from the human dimension of the urban space. This action has led to the formation of diverse topics in the urban space. The political geography of the urban space seeks to organize the urban space, studying and gaining recognition in this area. In sum, the political geography of the city is a specialized field that studies the urban Space. Therefore, in order to achieve this, the study area shapes the geopolitical orientation of the urban space, namely: citizens, territory and territory, local government - urban, borders, elections, security, identity, organization and political alignment of the city, space justice, actors, Political dangers, urban discourse, urban diplomacy, immigration, effective forces, civil rights ", each of which studies part of the urban space Studying.
Mohsen Janparvar; Reyhaneh Salehabadi; zakiye Naderi Chenar
Abstract
Extended abstract
Introduction
Afghanistan is one of the neighbors that Iran can exert a great deal of influence through the use of culture and higher education. Afghanistan is Iran's cultural backyard. The linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities are so intertwined that no one can ...
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Extended abstract
Introduction
Afghanistan is one of the neighbors that Iran can exert a great deal of influence through the use of culture and higher education. Afghanistan is Iran's cultural backyard. The linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities are so intertwined that no one can fill Iran's cultural vacancy in Afghanistan. Most of Afghanistan's textbooks are in Persian. Many scientific resources used by Afghan students have been published in Iran. There is a curious desire among Afghan students to attend higher education institutions and Iranian universities. Afghan families' tendency to use Iranian radio and television products, despite the emergence of dozens of colorful radio and television broadcasters, mainly broadcasting Western or Indian films, etc. all show the importance of the cultural sphere in the relations between the two countries. Unfortunately, despite this tendency, there are many shortcomings in the field of Iranian cultural activity in Afghanistan. If Iran wants to have security, political, economic and other influence in Afghanistan, then it must pay more attention to culture and education, because Iran's relative advantage is to have a more effective presence in Afghanistan than other competitors.
Review of Literature
Education is recognized as a source of soft power that enhances productivity and the quality of the university; separates international students; and most importantly establishes relationships and collaborates between internal and external researchers. Therefore, it can be used as a tool for creating national goodwill .Soft power in higher education consists of three dimensions of values, resources and tools. Thus, soft power through higher education can be used to link the values of the host country with international students to achieve the goals appropriate to a country's policies. Interestingly, the process of internationalization in higher education can be regarded as one of the most important and key tools in soft power. This process has helped to understand the dimensions and application of soft power internationally. It looks at higher education from the four perspectives of activity, competence, ethics and process. The prospects for these activities have a cultural dimension, including the presence of international students and academics exchanges between universities. Holmes and Rumbley (2015) argue that soft power, along with public diplomacy and national security, is politically motivated, while higher education enhances the capacities available in this type of power. Improvement in the quality of higher education, the accreditation and categorization of national higher education institutions and the progress in human resource development can be motivated by social and cultural incentives to resolve global disputes, as well as to create global citizenship in order to create understanding.
Method
The present study is a descriptive-analytical one. The information required in this study is gathered (libraries and retrieval) using sources and articles on the Internet and scientific reports.
Findings and Discussion
The starting point for the two countries' engagement in 2001 is the establishment of the Afghanistan Reconstruction Partnership. Subsequently, the Afghanistan Educational and Scientific Reconstruction Staff was also formed at the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in 2002, which was directly affected the visit of Afghan Minister of Higher Education Faegh Sharif of Tehran and the signing the Academic-Educational Memorandum. Also, in 2003 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's visit to Kabul as the first foreign leader expressed Iran's satisfaction and acceptance with the transitional government, which strengthened relations between the two countries. Following this trip, the first Joint Cooperation Commission of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was formed in 2004 and its second meeting was held in 2006. In particular, a bilateral cooperation agreement was signed between Herat Province and Khorasan Razavi Province in 2005. In 2007, due to the growing insecurity in southern Afghanistan, a security agreement was signed between Iran and Afghanistan and in 2008 a joint statement was issued at the level of the vice presidents between Afghanistan and Iran. Also in 2010, after the new Afghan presidential election, a trilateral Iran-Pakistan- Afghanistan meeting was held in Islamabad and the third meeting of the Iran-Afghanistan Joint Cooperation Commission. The first meeting of the Commission on Defense Cooperation between Iran and Afghanistan was held in 2011 and the trilateral meeting of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan was held in Trahan. The fourth joint Iran-Afghanistan Cooperation Summit was recently held in 2012, during the Governor of Balkh traveled to Khorasan Razavi. In view of the above, it can be conclude that the establishment of scientific-educational partnerships between the universities of Iran and Afghanistan within the framework of political relations between the two countries is subject to the mutual agreement of the parties to establish interactions and general relations between the two countries. This agreement is completely dependent on the political situation of the countries and the region. Prior to 2001, due to the severe political conflicts in Afghanistan, no interaction between the two countries was possible. Therefore, from a top-down and linear perspective, the political factor can be considered as an effective factor in determining the relationship between the two countries, especially between academia.
Conclusion
Based on the mutual agreements of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with Afghan universities, the level of cooperation has exceeded the level of teacher-student exchange and has been enhanced to a high level of transboundary higher education, namely the establishment of a postgraduate course and the establishment of a university. However, the political and diplomatic relations of the two countries have been affected many of the provisions of the treaties and the parties' unwillingness to cooperate; these have led to the conclusion of contracts and the interruption or suspension of relations has led to the suspension of inter-university cooperation and the unwillingness of the parties. Despite the high capacities and potentials available for greater and better utilization, and on the other hand, the high demands of the Afghan citizens to exploit, these have not been properly utilized.
Mohsen Janparvar; Arash Ghorbani Sepehr; Mohammad Reza Mirshekari
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The link between crises and security in geographic spaces is the most important reason for the study of crises. During the 21st century, the changes and developments were found to be significant in the type and form of crises. Thus, today's world is seeing crises ...
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
The link between crises and security in geographic spaces is the most important reason for the study of crises. During the 21st century, the changes and developments were found to be significant in the type and form of crises. Thus, today's world is seeing crises more rooted and more fundamental than the past, which not only control them in limited spaces and systems of sovereignty, but also in different ways. He said that he has become a global crisis and has emerged to form new forms of local, national, regional and even global crises. Due to the high importance of these basic crises in the security of societies and at different levels of local, national, regional and global, this article attempts to identify the most important and fundamental crises. By identifying these basic crises, it will provide the context for planning and developing strategies for dealing with them for security at a variety of local, national, regional and global levels.
Theoretical Framework
The term security as a general concept encompasses all aspects and dimensions of human life and is linked to the survival of the soul and the preservation of human life and existence. Indeed, security is a guarantee of the life and survival of humans and living beings. All creatures are in the struggle for their survival and healthy life, and security is the key to provide this vital need. Depending on the variables and factors affecting the survival and healthy human life, security has different dimensions. In other words, the preservation of existence, the healthy and peaceful life of humans is dependent on providing all their material and spiritual needs, which if not provided or there is a defect in supplying it, healthy life and human existence are challenged and threatened. Therefore, the immediate need for security and its concept in the human mind is formed in relation to the needs encountered with a bottleneck. From a systemic view, the crisis is thus defined as a situation that disrupts the order of the main system or parts of it, which is called a sub system, and disrupts its stability. In other words, a crisis is a situation that creates a sudden change in one or more parts of the system's variables, but it cannot be exactly claimed that a systemic crisis will change the situation.
Methodology
The main method of this study, based on its theoretical nature, is descriptive-analytical. Based on this, in this research, in addition to accurately illustrating the concept of research security, it has been attempted to elaborate and explain the basic crises of the 21st century. To gather information in this research, library and internet resources have been used.
Findings and Discussion
During recent decades, the flow of developments and changes indicate that a geographical space at different scales from local to world has undergone extensive changes. In many ways, these transformations have encountered geographic spaces or, in general, the world with various crises. The recognition and management of the emerging crises directly related to the community security requires an attitude of research security. Having this attitude, the attitude of research security to issues over the last decade, is one of the urgent requirements that scientific and practical societies must progress towards in order to reduce and manage issues and future crises in a way. In order to achieve this goal, the recognition of basic crises is the first step which communities have encountered with during this century. In this sense, the present study has attempted to discuss and analyze the most important crises facing human societies. And the initial step was to recognize the entry into the research safety issues. In various sources, the studies carried out by the researchers have shown that although today's societies are confronted with several crises such as war, climate change, terrorism, etc., the most important and basic emerging crises of human societies, which has a prominent position in order to organize them in different ways in geographic spaces, includes six crises: climate change, food, water, energy, forest, and sustainable cities.
These six crises in the present century provide the basis for the challenges and challenges of human societies in different levels and spaces, and provide the basis for shaping conflicts, conflicts and, in other words, other crises in different geographic areas. It should be noted that these crises interact and interact with each other and affect each other and affect each other. In general, it can be mentioned that if investigative security as a special study area in the context of the 21st century crisis affects geographic spaces in different ways and can provide the optimum space for organizing, it must be able to speak in different ways in the basic arena. According to this, recognizing these six basic crises can be the first step in moving towards achieving the basic purpose of the field of investigative security studies.
Sayyedeh Samireh Hosseini; Mohsen Janparvar; Escander Moradi
Abstract
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The human rights is one of the most important and influential issues in international relations. The idea of human rights protecting has been considered as the fight against oppression and injustice from a long time ago. Human rights concepts can include fundamental ...
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The human rights is one of the most important and influential issues in international relations. The idea of human rights protecting has been considered as the fight against oppression and injustice from a long time ago. Human rights concepts can include fundamental concepts such as "the right to life, the prohibition of torture, the prohibition of slavery, the prohibition of racial discrimination, freedom of expression, opinion, religion, the employment right, etc.”, each of these concepts has different interpretations in different cultures and cannot be interpreted by one state for all individuals in different societies. The right to life is the most important and the most prominent right of mankind which is supported by the different states through humanitarian intervention. In addition to the human rights debate, there are other factors influence this intervention and maybe it can be said that human rights is only the cover for this effort. Geopolitical components are among these factors. These components have encouraged countries to appear in specific spaces covered as humanitarian intervention.
2. Theoretical Framework
Geopolitical factors imply the set of factors and geographic components that somehow affect the policy. These factors increase or decrease from space to space and over time due to developments. Values and geographic factors have a dual nature in terms of structure or function. That is, a geographic factor for a human or human group may be considered positive, while the same factor is considered negative for another group or individual. The structural and functional identity of the factors is not constant and stable, meaning that a factor in the context of time may be transformed or, has different values in the view of different human groups. The humanitarian intervention in its classical sense means a state uses armed force against another state to protect the lives and liberties of the late nation who are not willing or able to do so. Humanitarian intervention, in terms of protected individuals, includes other types; That is, any use of force by a state against another is also discussed as humanitarian intervention in order to protect the lives and freedom of its citizens within that country or third-country nationals against inhumane treatment.
3. Methodology
The main method of this research is descriptive-analytic. The information was gathered in the Internet and field- library method. A questionnaire was used in the field method. The questionnaire was given to the elites and academic experts in the field of geopolitics. In this regard, the formula with a confidence level of 99% has been used to determine the sample size in a limited population. Then, 20 questionnaires were collected and evaluated. Meanwhile, a variety of validation tests were used to test the validity and reliability of the questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined through Cronbach's test. It showed that Cronbach's alpha is closer to 1 for different dimensions and is more than 0.7%. Accordingly, it could be said that the questionnaire has the necessary reliability. SPSS software was used to analyze geopolitical theories and humanitarian intervention using a questionnaire. In this conclusion, the indices that have received above medium-average (three) have been accepted as a geopolitical component affecting humanitarian intervention, indices have less than that average despite affecting humanitarian intervention have not been considered as a geopolitical component and put away.
4. Findings and Discussion
In the present study, it has been attempted to extract the geopolitical factors influencing humanitarian interventions from theories and views related to geopolitics and humanitarian intervention. These studies showed that 47 factors were extracted in four sections including geographical factors, economic factors, political factors, and demographic factors as the factors affecting humanitarian interventions. 28 indicators of these geopolitical factors affect the humanitarian intervention in geographical areas.
Geopolitical factors are among the most important factors influencing humanitarian interventions. Awareness and recognizing these factors will make it easier for statesmen to intervene and make decisions. Furthermore, the impact of these factors varies depending on the views of each state so that they can have positive or negative effects for the intervener.
mohsen janparvar; reyhaneh salehabadi; Mojgan Salehabadi
Abstract
1. Introduction
Cities are geographic phenomenon that always leads major developments in human history. They are not only interacting with their local hinterland, but also interacting with other cities in economic and social fields. With increasing developments in recent decades in different areas, ...
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1. Introduction
Cities are geographic phenomenon that always leads major developments in human history. They are not only interacting with their local hinterland, but also interacting with other cities in economic and social fields. With increasing developments in recent decades in different areas, more placements for cities and geographical studies have been provided again. Among the reasons that caused the cities find their prominent position in the study of geography and on the other hand political geography studies again, the issues from increased presence and movement of the population that living in urban areas with rapid development of urbanization in recent decades and high density of population in cities that caused complexity and interaction in urban spaces and change way of living and life in that settlements that do not match with human nature are so important. This is creating some abnormalities and damage social, cultural, security and other modern cities and provided difficulties for living in these cities and management of this space. To reduce this problem, several solutions have been suggested and implemented by experts. But the strategy of this article is to create understanding among citizenship borders, Privacies and limits of the city that not discuss yet.
2. Theoretical Framework
Borders are imaginary lines around human beings that represent the area of governance, ownership and competence of individuals, groups and countries in higher levels.
Privacy: the distance between the individual space beyond the borders of individual, group and national create unsafe feeling for person, group or country.
City: The physical limit of the city and future development in the master plan.
3. Methodology
This article is based on descriptive and analytical method and library data, try to describe conceptualization and recognition of border, Privacy and limit in city and variety of them.
4. Results & Discussion
The recognition of borders, privacies and limits in the city can produce relax, reducing burden, administration and management of relevant institutions in high level. Accordingly, for understanding better some borders, privacies and limits in the cities the first step is recognize of them. The note that we emphasize it is the difference between the concepts of borders, privacies and limits. Although it is difficult to articulate the difference between these concepts, but it can be said, the notion of borders is including the sovereignty, jurisdiction and ownership. The border areas with the rule, authority and ownership are absolute and unchangeable. But the concepts of privacy and sovereignty, ownership and relative merits are subject to change. The borders, privacies and limits are ranging below.
The first part of border is: personal borders, borders of rooms in the apartment, borders of apartment in the buildings, building in the city, taxes and municipals borders, the borders of city
Second part: privacy in the city as a whole include: personal privacy, private privacy, privacy space, privacy of home, privacy of the traditional and modern architecture, privacy of neighborhood, privacy of city.
Third part: the area in the city as a whole include: city limits, local limit, regional limit, influence are of city.
5. Conclusions
The result of this study indicate that the concept borders, privacies and limits in the city are closely related to each other and they differ from each other in ownership, governance and authority at least in two items and the concept of privacy of ownership, sovereignty and jurisdiction form relatively, however interaction of people to it is intensive, but the sense of ownership, sovereignty and jurisdiction is largely faded. However, identifying and clarifying this topics and issues in cities indicated that complexity in city cause human life under borders, Privacies and limits form and organized. This border, Privacy and limit were between human long times ago so that difference among them caused challenges and wars. Today, due to the phenomenon of globalization differences reduced, not only borders, Privacies and limits are stable, but also in urban area according to recognize of people of their rights it become highlighted. Studies showed that borders, Privacies and limits play a significant role in the life of our communities. Their position in relationship and interaction with others and how we use this space and manage this space can regulate our life. So, creating true understanding of borders, Privacies and limits in city can complex contemporary life highly in a community that is complex and non-systematic considerably and secure the welfare sector.
Mohsen Janparvar
Abstract
Extended Abstract
International borders as a showcase of countries and the first contact point of two governments have always played an important role between governors. In this way, countries try to manage their borders to make the most of their opportunity in the border zones and face the challenges. ...
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Extended Abstract
International borders as a showcase of countries and the first contact point of two governments have always played an important role between governors. In this way, countries try to manage their borders to make the most of their opportunity in the border zones and face the challenges. Developments that take place in the border zones in the field of communications and information technology, poverty and the lack of expansion towards the interior zones, affect insecurity strategies. Particularly in the Middle East environment, political instability, successive crises in the region, the crisis of refugees, displaced persons, illegal drug trafficking, wickedness, crime, and the hostage crisis has made some border areas of the country insecure. However, the possibility of misusing the opportunities of the insecure borders takes away officials from their duties. In such situation there are no efficient and robust management in many country's borders because of a lack of a comprehensive strategy for integrated border management and institutions responsible for border management. Accordingly, this paper reviews and analyzes border management in this situation and analyzed the opportunities and challenges. The research findings show that there are some factors that determine the multiplicity of agencies at the border. Overlapping responsibilities between them, the lack of order, transparent law and effective management the ambiguity in authorities and responsibilities have had a negative impact on the country's borders. creating integrated structure consisting of five section; military and defense- informational and security, social- cultural, legal- political and economic – commercial was proposed as a solution To deal with these challenges and achieve efficient management of borders in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
1- INTRODUCTION
According to its development and new interpretations of globalization and evolution of information age, Border management changed and evolved and find prominent position in border studies. Border management let countries to reduce challenges and problems that caused by evolution of global space through effective border management. It provides national benefit and security for citizenship. To manage border effectively, borders need to have an integrated border management strategy that could produce enough cooperation among border organizations. Meanwhile, integrated border management of Islamic Republic of Iran has high importance because of its different organizations and border management institutes. Every delay in the actions can provide vast and irrecoverable damage to national interests and security.
2- METHODOLOGY
The method used in this research is descriptive- analytic according its visionary nature. So in this research not only real image of ministry departments, institutions and organizations related to borders were investigated but also, forming the relationships of these organizations was determined. In this research, library, Internet and interview with some theorists and scientist were used for collecting required data.
3- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Border management is a regulated relationship that can open border in different ways to flow the relationship, transition of people, goods, information etc., and also close the borders to prevent insecurity, irregularity and other transboundary challenges and problems that lead to insecurity and irregularity in the society.
4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Different organizations and institutes that managed borders are prominent players of border management. This organizations and institutes commonly worked and produce horizontally and vertically irregular situation and make problem. Different organizations that related to border and different organizations for control and management of border without regulated horizontal and vertical relationship make problem for border management in different ways. Some countries such as French, England and United State of American, follow integrated border strategies for solving these problems and having effective border management.
In this way, border management of Islamic Republic of Iran according to its long border, different neighbors and vast border resource, have high position of importance. One problem for border management is different border organizations and institutes without coordination in their activities. There are 28 organizations and institutes that related to border. This different border organizations and institutes and not clearing limit and work for them and vast integrated duty produce problem for border management.
According to development in globalization age, Islamic Republic of Iran needs to follow new strategies to achieve its effective border management. Establishing an integrated border management to achieve effective border management is one of these strategies given there are different organizations, institutes and departments that related to the border in countries. Result of this research showed that the best model for integrated border management of Iran is establishment a central organization for effective management of border in five sections: first section is military, defensive and informative; second section is social-cultural; third section is legal-political; fourth section is economic-commercial; fifth section is management of infra border management.
